Telecommunications Blog

This is a listing of businesses that are offering LTE technologies associated parts.

Its full name is 3GPP Long Term Evolution for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, or 3GPP UMTS LTE for short. LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a wireless broadband technology designed to support roaming Internet access via cell phones and handheld devices.


Where the current generation of mobile telecommunication networks are collectively known as 3G, LTE is marketed as 4G.


Requirements :


LTE Specifications :



 LTE uses two different types of air interfaces (radio links), one for downlink (from tower to device), and one for uplink (from device to tower).For the downlink, LTE uses an OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) air interface For the uplink (from device to tower), LTE uses the DFTS-OFDMA (discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiple access) scheme of generating a SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access) signal. 

The major difference between the OFDMA signal for downlink and the SC-FDMA signal for uplink is that it uses a discrete Fourier transform function on the data to convert it into a form that can be used to transmit.

LTE air interface adopts OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) for the downlink and SC-FDMA (single-carrier frequency domain multiple access) for the uplink. It employs AMC (adaptive modulation and coding) as well as a number of optional MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) antenna techniques and interference management methods for potential performance enhancements.

Telecommunications Blog

One of the first things to note about LTE is the integration between the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) radio access modes. In the previous Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) specifications, which also supported FDD and TDD, the RF specifications for the UE FDD, UE TDD, base station FDD and base station TDD modes were covered in separate documents.

However, the early decision by 3GPP to fully integrate FDD and TDD modes for LTE has resulted in only one RF specification document each for the UE and the eNB. With the higher level of integration between the two modes, the effort required to support them should be less than it was in the past.

Channel Bandwidths:

LTE was designed from the start to support six different channel bandwidths. These are 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz. In addition to this the subcarriers are spaced 15 kHz apart from each other. To maintain orthogonality, this gives a symbol rate of 1 / 15 kHz = of 66.7 µs.

Earlier versions of the specifications also supported 1.6 MHz and 3.2 MHz for interworking with LCR TDD, but these were removed when the LTE TDD frame structure was aligned with the FDD frame structure rather than the TD-SCDMA frame structure from UMTS.

LTE PHY layer block diagram:-

We can implement LTE Physical layer Block diagram in Matlab .



Frame structure: it is FDD frame which is 10ms divided into 10 subframes each
of 1ms & each subframe is divided into 2 slots of 0.5 ms which carry 6 or 7 OFDM
symbol.

EPS to EPC

   A key feature of the EPS is the separation of the network entity that performs control-plane functionality (MME) from the network entity that performs bearer-plane functionality (SGW) with a well defined open interface between them (S11).


LTE S11: -

    An IP interface between MME and SGW! GTPv2 is the protocols used at the application

What is LTE?

    3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the name given to a project that aims to improve the
UMTS mobile phone and it is not a standard but it will result in the release 8 of UMTS
and it can be considered the real 3.9G & invited to join the 4G family.

Technical specifications:-


LTE PHY layer block diagram:-

We will speak about the LTE Network Elements .
LTE network comprises of two main segments.
       1. LTE EUTRAN
       2. LTE Evolved Packet Core.


LTE EUTRAN: -


EUTRAN consists of eNB.

    EUTRAN is responsible for complete radio management in LTE. When UE comes up eNB is responsible for Radio Resource Management, i.e it shall do the radio bearer control, radio admission control, allocation of uplink and downlink to UE etc. When a packet from UE arrives to eNB, eNB shall compress the IP header and encrypt the data stream. It is also responsible for adding a GTP-U header to the payload and sending it to the SGW. Before the data is actually transmitted the control plane has to be established. eNB is responsible for choosing a MME using MME selection function.
    As the eNB is only entity on radio side, the whole QoS is taken care by it. It shall mark the packets in uplink, i.e Diffserv based on QCI, and also schedule the data.

    Other functionalities include scheduling and transmission of paging messages, broadcast messages, and bearer level rate enforcements based on UE-AMBR and MBR etc.